Semaglutide is a medication classified as a GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist. It mimics a natural hormone in the body to regulate blood sugar, insulin levels, and digestion.
FDA-Approved Brand Names
Semaglutide is manufactured by Novo Nordisk and marketed under three primary brand names, each approved for specific uses:
- Ozempic (Injection): Approved for treating type 2 diabetes and reducing cardiovascular risks in adults with diabetes.
- Wegovy (Injection): Specifically approved for chronic weight management in adults and children (12+) with obesity or weight-related conditions.
- Rybelsus (Oral Tablet): The first oral version of semaglutide, approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Mechanism of Action
Semaglutide works through several key biological processes:
- Insulin Stimulation: It signals the pancreas to release insulin when blood sugar levels are high.
- Glucagon Suppression: It reduces the amount of sugar released by the liver.
- Delayed Gastric Emptying: It slows down how quickly food leaves the stomach, helping you feel full longer.
- Appetite Regulation: It interacts with parts of the brain that suppress appetite and signal fullness.
Clinical Benefits and Uses
As of 2026, research continues to show that semaglutide provides benefits beyond its initial indications:
- Weight Loss: In clinical trials, participants on higher doses (like Wegovy 2.4 mg) lost an average of roughly 15% of their body weight over 68 weeks.
- Heart and Kidney Health: It is proven to lower the risk of major cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke, and it can reduce the risk of worsening kidney disease.
- Liver Health: It is used to treat metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a type of fatty liver disease.
Common Side Effects
Most side effects are gastrointestinal and often occur when first starting or increasing a dose:
- Nausea and vomiting
- Diarrhea or constipation
- Abdominal pain and bloating
Serious but rare side effects include pancreatitis, gallbladder problems, kidney injury, and changes in vision. It is contraindicated for individuals with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia syndrome type 2.
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